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x Introduction 1 1.1 Panamanian Water Institutions 1 1.2 Intermittent Water Supply 2 1.2.1 Causes and Behaviors related to IWS 2 1.2.2 Effects of IWS on Water Quality 3 Purpose 4 Background 5 3.1 Espavé 5 3.2 Seasonal Precipitation Patterns 6 3.2.1 Climate Change 6 3.3 Water Use Behavior 7 3.3.1 Waste8 3.3.2 Storage 8 3.4 Water Quality 9 3.5 Topography 9 Methods11 4.1 Measured Flowrates 11 4.2 EPANET 12 4.2.1 Model Development13 4.2.2 Flow Reducing Discs 13 4.2.3 Patterns 14 4.3 EPA SWMM 15 4.3.1 Dynamic Wave Routing 16 4.3.2 Nodes 17 4.3.3 Pipes 17

PLANNING FOR INTERMITTENT WATER SUPPLY IN SMALL GRAVITY-FED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS: CASE STUDY IN RURAL PANAMA