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For decades, the Lake Superior Iron District produced a significant majority of the world’s iron used in steel production. Chief among these was the Mesabi Range of northern Minnesota, a vast deposit of hematite and magnetic taconite ores stretching for over 100 miles in length. Iron ore mining in the Mesabi Range involved three major phases: direct shipping ores (1847-1970s), washable ores (19071980s), and taconite (1947-current). Each phase of iron mining used different technologies to extract and process ore. Producing all of this iron yielded a vast landscape of mine waste. This paper uses a historical GIS to illuminate the spatial extent of mining across the Lake Superior Iron District, to locate where low-grade ore processing took place, and to identify how and where waste was produced. Our analysis shows that the technological shift to low-grade ore mining placed new demands on the environment, primarily around processing plants. Direct shipping ore mines produced less mine waste than lowgrade ore mines, and this waste was confined to the immediate vicinity of mines themselves. Low-grade ore processing, in contrast, created more dispersed waste landscapes as tailings mobilized from the mines themselves into waterbodies and human communities. 1 This chapter is in print with The Extractive Industries and Society, as: John Baeten, Nancy Langston, Don Lafreniere, “A geospatial approach to uncovering the hidden waste footprint of Lake Superior’s Mesabi Iron Range”, The Extractive Industries and Society, Vol. 3, Issue 4 (November 2016) 1031-1045.

A Landscape of Water and Waste: Heritage Legacies and Environmental Change in the Mesabi Iron Range