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9 Introduction  10 Chapter One: The Professional Man’s Mute but Valuable Assistants: Industrial Workers and Avocational Photography, 1880-1930  22 Chapter Two: Focusing on Detail: Instruction for Industrial Photographers, 1895-1933  39 Chapter Three: Changing Views: Halftone Photographs in Engineering and Mining Journal, 1886-1930  73 Chapter Four: Industrial Photography and the Lake Superior Mining District, 1880-1931  106 Chapter Five: Conclusion  141 Bibliography  150 Appendix of Permissions  153 6 List of Figures and Tables Figure 1.1: Advertisement for E. & H. T. Anthony & Company photographic instruments. Engineering and Mining Journal 47 (March 16, 1889): xix.  36 Figure 1.2: Advertisement for The Scovill & Adams Company showing a lady photographer with camera and dry plates. Engineering and Mining Journal 47 (April 20, 1889): xi.  37 Figure 1.3: The professional man’s mute but valuable assistants. Engineering and Mining Journal 52 (August 8, 1891): ii.  38 Figure 2.1: “New Open-Hearth Steel Plant of the Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company.” “The Use of the Camera in Industrial Plants,” Iron Age 90, no. 8 (1912): 393.  67 Figure 2.2: A View Camera and tilted plate holder for correcting perspective, as described by Hand. S. Ashton Hand, “Industrial Photography,” The Iron Trade Review 44 (1909): 198.  68 Figure 2.3: Building exterior photographed with the camera tilted upward (top). Perspective corrected view (bottom). S. Ashton Hand, “Industrial Photography,” The Iron Trade Review 44 (1909): 198.  69 Figure 2.4: Shop Interior. S. Ashton Hand, “Industrial Photography,” The Iron Trade Review 44 (1909): 199.  70 Figure 2.5: “Details brought out and shadows avoided by preparation of machine parts before photographing. S. Ashton Hand, “Industrial Photography,” The Iron Trade Review (1909): 199.  71 Figure 2.6: Advertisement for the Photostat. Engineering News 69, no. 25 (June 19, 1913): 6.  72 Figure 3.1: Close up illustrating how halftone dots of varying size represent continuous tones of photographs. By R.D. Anthony.  99 Figure 3.2: Line Engravings versus Halftones in Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, March 1880 through March 1900.  99 Figure 3.3: Line Engravings versus Halftones in Harper’s Monthly Magazine, March 1895 and March 1900.  100 Figure 3.4: Line Engravings versus Halftones in Engineering and Mining Journal, 1867-1930.  100 Figure 3.5: Comparison of old and new furnaces at South Chicago Iron works. Engineering and Mining Journal 44 (1887): 41.  101 Figure 3.6: Advertisement for Gates Rock and Ore Breaker. Engineering and Mining Journal 48 (August 10, 1889): xx.  101 7 Figure 3.7: General exterior view of excavation for Croton Aqueduct in New York State (top). Halftone of Rand mining drills from retouched print (bottom). Engineering and Mining Journal 41 (1886): 319.  102 Figure 3.9: Line engraving of Osgood boom dredge. Engineering and Mining Journal 48 (1889): vii.  103 Figure 3.8: Poor quality halftone of Osgood boom dredge. Engineering and Mining Journal 47 (1889): 411.  103 Figure 3.10: General Exterior View of South Chicago Irons Works Rolling Mill. Engineering and Mining Journal 44 (1887): 43.  104 Figure 3.11: Roman mining tools. Engineering and Mining Journal 45 (1888): 125.  104 Figure 3.12: Transverse Section of Steel Ingot. One of the first photomicrographs printed in E&MJ. Engineering and Mining Journal 46 (1888): 375.  105 Figure 4.1: General exterior view of the Quincy Mine looking southeast, 1875. MS015-MI-2-8, Quincy Mining Company Survey, Michigan Technological University Archives Copper Country Historical Collections.  131 Figure 4.3: Exterior view of the Calumet & Hecla library looking northwest. MS003-009-010-04, Calumet & Hecla Photograph Collection, Michigan Technological University Archives and Copper Country Historical Collections.  132 Figure 4.2: General exterior view of the Calumet & Hecla Mine showing line of shaft houses on the company’s large land holdings. Acc-03-095D001-010, Quincy and Huron Photographic Collection, Michigan Technological University Archives and Copper Country Historical Collections.  132 Figure 4.5: Interior of Calumet & Hecla hoist house with Nordberg hoist that was connected to the rock skips and man cars in a neighboring building via the cable on the drum. MS003-25A-40, Calumet & Hecla Photograph Collection, Michigan Technological University Archives and Copper Country Historical Collections.  133 Figure 4.4: Calumet & Hecla Bath House. MS003-012-GN132.4, Calumet & Hecla Photograph Collection, Michigan Technological University Archives and Copper Country Historical Collections.  133 Figure 4.7: Interior View of the Quincy machine shop. Acc-03-095D-001023, Quincy and Huron Photographic Collection, Michigan Technological University Archives and Copper Country Historical Collections.  134 8 Figure 4.6: Dumping a car into a skip at the 70th level in the Calumet & Hecla Mine, 1915-1916. MS003-25A-002, Calumet & Hecla Photograph Collection, Michigan Technological University Archives and Copper Country Historical Collections.  134 Figure 4.8: Steam stamp in a Quincy Mill. Acc-03-095D-001-013, Quincy and Huron Photographic Collection Michigan Technological University Archives and Copper Country Historical Collections.  135 Figure 4.9: Advertisement from the Keweenaw Miner, featuring a Nordberg hoist owned by Calumet & Hecla, 1916. From: The Keweenaw Miner: Calumet & Hecla Mining Company Semi-Centennial, 1866-1916 (Calumet, Michigan: Keweenaw Printing Company, 1916): 52.  136 Figure 4.11: Calumet & Hecla library reading room. MS003-014-GN-154-3, Calumet & Hecla Photograph Collection, Michigan Technological University Archives and Copper Country Historical Collections.  137 Figure 4.10: Statue of Alexander Agassiz in Agassiz Park, Calumet, Michigan, 1923. MS003-007-004-01, Calumet and Hecla Photograph Collection, Michigan Technological University Archives and Copper Country Historical Collections  137 Figure 4.12: Quincy number 2 shaft-rockhouse during construction. Acc541-01-01-1991-001-001, Quincy Mining Company Glass Plate Negative Collection, Acc. #54, Michigan Technological University Archives and Copper Country Historical Collections.  138 Figure 4.13: Man Engine inside the Quincy Mine, by Frederick Fraley Sharpless. ACC 239-5-6-1985-02-90, Frederick Fraley Sharpless Photograph Collection, Michigan Technological University Archives and Copper Country Historical Collections.  138 Figure 4.15: Soldiers protecting Quincy Mine property during the Great Strike of 1913-14. Acc-400-12-13-1988-01-08-34, Quincy Mining Company, Michigan Technological University Archives and Copper Country Historical Collections,.  139 Figure 4.14: Photograph of blind miners working at the C&H broom factory. MS003-004-017-01, Calumet and Hecla Photograph Collection, Michigan Technological University Archives and Copper Country Historical Collections.  139 Figure 4.16: A large Prescott water pump in the 1060’ level of CCI’s Franklin Mine, 1918. MS86-100, Plate no. 167: Courtesy of the Central Upper Peninsula and Northern Michigan University Archives.  140

LENSES OF INDUSTRY: THE RISE OF INDUSTRIAL PHOTOGRAPHY IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE LAKE SUPERIOR MINING DISTRICT, 1880-1933