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Previous studies have reported neurocognitive deficits in persons living at high altitudes. This study was conducted to assess the neurocognitive performance of children who have resided their entire lives at altitudes of 3500 to 4200 meters in the Ecuadorian Andes. Neurocognitive performance was assessed with the Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM) and the Digit Span (DS), tests which are reported to have minimal cultural bias. RCPM results were calculated for the Ecuadorian children for four different RCPM standardized test norms. For the British norms, a mean standard score of 2.9 (SD: 1.6; median: 2.4) was calculated, and for the United States norms, the mean standard score was 2.9 (SD: 1.8; median: 2.8), which was not significantly different from the British norms (p = 0.628). Using the Puerto Rico norms for analysis, the mean standard score was 4.4 (SD: 1.9; median: 3.6), and for the Peru norms, the mean standard score was 4.9 (SD: 2.1; median: 5.0). The standard scores calculated using the Puerto Rican and Peru norms were significantly higher than those for the British (p = < 0.0001) and the United States (p = < 0.0001) norms. The difference between the Puerto Rican and the Peru norms was also statistically significant (p = 0.005), with the Peru norms yielding a slightly higher score for the Ecuadorian children. The mean DS Forward score was 6.8 (SD: 1.6; median: 6.5, and the mean DS Backward score was 5.1 (SD: 1.6; median: 5.0). The DS Forward score was significantly higher than the DS Backward score (p = < 0.0001). The mean DS scale score of 7.0 was less than the average scale score of 10 for the DS. The mean percent SaO2 was 91.5 (SD = 4.0; range = 77-96; median = 92) and the mean heart rate was 81.6 bpm (SD = 17.0; range = 58-125; median = 77). In conclusion, these results overall indicate that the Ecuadorian children who reside at high altitudes show less than average neurocognitive performance. It is unclear whether their poor neurocognitive performance is related altitude or to other variables, such as: Possible cultural differences, malnutrition, poverty and extreme poverty which are widespread in the community.

Neurocognitive Assessment of Ecuadorian Andean Children Living at High Altitude in the Cotopaxi Mountain Region