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The plasticity of the neuromuscular system is the lifelong ability to reorganize structure and function under the influence of experience. Apart from plasticity related to the development of the body, learning processes or recovery of functions after injuries, there is the adaptive plasticity, which manifests in adjustment of the properties of neurons and/or muscle fibers to the altered level of motor activity. The aim of this article was to collect the current knowledge on the adaptive changes in motor units based on the results of several series of experiments performed on animal models. The similar structure and mechanisms of muscle control in all mammals justify inferences about similar processes in humans. In the first chapters, we present the concept of a motor unit, consisting of one motoneuron and a group of muscle fibers innervated by this motoneuron, the histological, biochemical and electrophysiological characteristics of three types of units (S, FR and FF) with different contractile characteristics, and discuss their participation in various forms of physical exercise. In the following chapters, we present the results of research projects carried out to answer the questions of how different types of physical training (increasing the endurance or the strength), muscle overload, limb immobilization or limitation of movement affect the characteristics of muscle fiber contraction and electrophysiological properties of motoneurons of various types of motor units. The discussed experimental observations prove that the plasticity of motor units is a parallel process in neurons and muscle fibers. Depending on the type of training and its intensity, and the duration of increased or reduced motor activity, these processes may rely on the transformation of muscle fibers of one type into another, modulation of the basic characteristics of contraction, changes in resistance to fatigue, changes in the excitability of motoneurons or the frequency of nerve impulses generated by them. Usually, fast motor units (FF and FR) show greater dynamics of adaptation processes than slow units (S).

Plastyczność układu nerwowo-mięśniowego - adaptacja do zmienionego poziomu aktywności ruchowej