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A propensity to multifocality and recurrence in the ipsilateral ureter, as well as a low recurrence rate in the contralateral ureter, make radical nephroureterectomy the logical Gold standard treatment [3-8]. However some patients are inherently unsuitable for nephroureterectomy; such as those with a functionally solitary kidney, renal insufficiency or multiple co-morbidities. Nephroureterectomy would impose upon these individuals the need for dialysis, or have a profound effect upon quality of life and life expectancy [9]. Furthermore patients and clinicians often hesitate at nephroureterectomy in those with low grade, unilateral tumours in the distal ureter.

Open Distal Ureterectomy and Boari Flap Reconstruction for Distal Ureteric Transitional Cell Carcinoma