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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a disease of the arteries that affects the blood vessels other than the heart and brain. The most common cause of PAD is atherosclerosis; and other causes such as inflammatory disorders of arterial walls (vasculitis) and non-inflammatory arteriopathies, such as fibromuscular dysplasia.1 The prevalence of PAD is estimated at 8.5 million people in the United States2, and more than 200 million people worldwide suffer from PAD. Risk factors for PAD are similar to other atherosclerosis diseases, such as smoking and diabetes mellitus.3 Inflammatory markers, thrombosis, increased lipoprotein and homocysteine levels, and chronic kidney disease are also associated with PAD.2 PAD is associated with other atherosclerotic diseases such as renal artery stenosis (RAS). Renal artery stenosis is defined as the narrowing of one or both renal arteries or their branches and, most often, is caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotictype RAS is more commonly found in elderly patients and has multiple cardiovascular risk factors. Atherosclerosis has often been systemic and does not only occur in the renal artery.4 A study conducted by Aboyans et al.5 found that the RAS accidentally diagnosed at the time of the PAD examination was 14%. Research by Wollenweber et al.4 states that 31% of patients with mild atherosclerotic narrowing (<50% occlusion) in RAS Journal of Indonesian Society for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Vol. 1, No. 1, January 2020 pISSN 2715-1204 eISSN 2715-1239

journal of indonesian society for vascular and endovascular surgery

The Relationship Between Renal Artery Stenosis and Degree of Angio Score on the Lower Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital