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Background: Atlanta-Axial Rotatory Subluxation is an acquired condition, usually occurring in paediatric patients, because of either trauma or pharyngitis or ear-nose-throat (ENT) surgery or upper respiratory tract infection. Post-traumatic C1-C2 rotational subluxation in paediatric age is a very frequent event. It mimics benign torticollis but may result in permanent disability. The Atlanta-axial rotatory displacement, as defined initially by Fielding and Hawkins in 1977, is classified into four types: Type 1 is the most common form in children. It is a simple rotatory displacement without an anterior shift. Type 2 is potentially more dangerous. It is a rotatory displacement with an anterior shift of 5 mm or less. Type 3 is rotatory displacement with an anterior shift greater than 5 mm. Finally, type 4 is rotatory displacement with a posterior shift. Type 3 and 4 deformities are rare, but neurological involvement or even instant death may follow [Figure. 4] [18]. The condition requires prompt diagnosis by thorough examination to avoid any treatment delays. The difficulties for a timely and correct diagnosis and then the correct treatment is described. Case presentation: A 5-year-old girl comes to the emergency room with cervical pain and stiffness. This painful state, as mum reports, has been lasted for about ten days, after a mild trauma. The radiographic picture demonstrates a rotary subluxation C1-C2, type 1 according to Fielding and Hawkins classification. The treatment is head-halter traction with 2kg, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). After 2 days the x-ray picture improves, but the painful symptoms persist. An in-depth diagnostic MRI of the cervical spine and brain revealed a medulloblastoma which made an immediate and effective neurosurgical intervention necessary. Conclusions: the C1-C2 rotatory dislocation must always be evaluated with extreme care, without neglecting any clinical and anamnestic information for a correct and timely differential diagnosis. Remember that children show very clearly what they feel, always.

Always Carefully Evaluate the Atlanto-Axial Rotatory Subluxation in Children. One Case Report Presentation