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The b-value of the Gutenberg-Richter frequency-magnitude relationship is an indicator of rock failure processes. Near-real-time analysis of the b-value has the potential to mitigate the risk posed by rockbursts, for example, by adjusting the geometry, sequence and rate of mining; or evaluating the re-entry time following a large seismic event. There are two main approaches to selecting a data set for b-value analysis: (i) select seismic events that fall within polygons or polyhedra associated with particular working places or seismic sources (e.g. a development end, stope or fault); or (ii) select seismic events that occur in the vicinity of each node of a 2D or 3D mesh that covers the entire region of interest. Challenges include the inevitable trade-off between statistical stability and space-time resolution, and overlaps of clusters of seismic events that arise from different sources. We wrote a Matlab code “Bplot” to conduct numerical simulations to investigate strategies to improve the resolution and reliability of b-value analysis. Bplot was also used to analyse seismicity during the extraction of the shaft pillar at Cooke 4 gold mine. Approximately 450 000 events, recorded from July 2011 to October 2011, were used to map spatial and temporal variations in the b-value. We find lower b-values close to the stope face. We attribute the higher b-value ahead of the stope to the occurrence of numerous small events caused by the fracture of intact rock by high stresses ahead of the mining front; while the relative increase in the number of larger events close to the face is considered to be the result of the growth and coalescence of these fractures.

Analysis of the Gutenberg-Richter b-values of overlapping seismic clusters with application to Cooke 4 gold mine