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Review Article Violent non-state actors (VNSAs) are individuals or groups that are wholly or partly independent of state governments that usually use violence as a means to their objective goal. VNSA’s reason for propagating violence is often informed by various factors: self-determination occasioned by suppressive regimes; right to access and control resources; land; religious and cultural ideological beliefs; perennial historical injustices; and push for self-rule among others. VNSAs play a prominent role in nearly every humanitarian and political situation within the international community. The activities of VNSA groups are complex, and if their engagements are conducted across international borders it can impact negatively on the relations and bilateral cooperation between the affected states. Harakat AlShabaab al-Mujahedeen commonly known as Al-Shabaab, officially pronounced in 2006 is a VNSA operating from Somalia. Al-Shabaab has been christened a terrorist group by a number of nations, especially in the western world. I recognize that acts of terrorism are inhuman, barbaric and a threat to global peace, regional harmony and mutual coexistence between nations. Acts of terrorism are often meted on the unsuspecting innocent; they instill fear of insecurity and lead to destruction of property; creates suspicion along religious divides and waters down the cordial interstates relation definitive of the modern global community. Globally, acts of terrorism have been visited on many countries including the United States of America (USA),Germany, Britain, France, Kenya and many others; and such acts have heightened suspicion, tension, clash of interests and led to disharmony between the affected nations and those perceived to sympathize, harbor, host and support acts of terrorism. There is however some disconnect in delineating acts of terrorism from those of liberation movements especially when coercive strategies apply. The thin distinguishing thread between the two organizations has led to blurred and often self-serving interpretations, understanding and definitions by different nations and organizations. In the Eastern part of Africa, the protracted and the intractable assault by Al-Shabaab has been directed more to Kenya than to any other state in the region. Who exactly is the Al-Shabaab a terrorist organization or a liberation movement? Why does the Al-Shabaab group target Kenya? How has Kenya’s incursion into Somalia to pursue the Al-Shabaab impacted on Kenya-Somalia relation? By examining various instances that have characterized the contest between the Al-Shabaab as a non-state actor on the one hand; Kenya’s determination to annihilate the Al-Shabaab; and the disquiet among the leadership of Somalia over Kenya’s continuous presence in Somalia on the other, this article explores the complexity of the web of tension and its impact on Kenya-Somalia relation.

The Al-Shabaab: Implication of Kenya’s Incursion to Somalia on the Kenya-Somalia Relation