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The Greater Bunbury region in south-west Western Australia is distinguished by low-lying lands, shallow groundwater table, regular winter inundation and extensive network of agricultural drains. Department of Planning, Lands and Heritage released the Greater Bunbury Strategy 2013 which aims to allow the region to grow from 83,598 people (2011 Census) to at least 150,000 people. It assigned Department of Water to develop a Drainage and Water Management Plan (DWMP) to make the growth sustainable. A key component of the DWMP is the development of a fully distributed, physically-based coupled surface water and groundwater interactions model using MIKE SHE hydrologic modelling system. This is to accurately reproduce groundwater levels and aquifer discharge to rivers and drains and understand the hydrological processes. Hence the modelling outcomes will be used in outlining water management and land use change options. This study focuses mainly on the conceptualization, development and calibration of the model. The model covers a study area of 497 that extends from the Darling Scarp in the east to the coast in the west, and ranges in elevation from 60 mAHD to 0 mAHD. Thirty-five years of distributed daily climate data (1980−2014) were used to calibrate the model. It comprised of process models for evapotranspiration, overland flow, unsaturated flow, groundwater flow and river flow to capture the major processes in the hydrologic cycle. It was built on a 150 m regular grid and the thickness of its saturated zone varies from 160 m in the north to 800 m in the south. The saturated zone was divided into eight computational layers to accommodate the unconfined Superficial Aquifer, and the confined Leederville and Yarragadee Aquifers. The model was calibrated using a total of 62, 13 and 6 bores installed in the Superficial Aquifer, Leederville Aquifer and Yarragadee Aquifer, respectively. The calibration was performed based on comparisons of observed and modelled groundwater heads and river flows. Model results are generally consistent with field observations. An intrinsic difficulty in representing anisotropic Guildford Clay Formation within the Superficial Aquifer limited model performance otherwise excellent agreements are seen in general. The calibration targets outlined were achieved for the Superficial Aquifer with a scaled mean sum of residuals (SMSR) -0.25% (-0.1 m) and a scaled root mean square error of 1.87%. The water balance estimation for the model domain showed an error of 0.01%, which satisfied the criteria of a water balance error<0.05%. These calibration statistics are within the acceptance range as mentioned in the Murray Darling Basin Commission guidelines and illustrate the level of general reliability of the model.

Coupled surface water and groundwater model development and calibration using MIKE SHE for the Greater Bunbury region in south-west Western Australia