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Airborne surveillance patrols are frequently employed to maintain situational awareness of large maritime border regions. Manned airborne platforms are typically used due to their inherent flexibility to detect vessels and also conduct classification and identification by flying in for closer inspection. For large and remote border regions, airborne surveillance patrols can be expensive in terms of personnel and platform resourcing. The unpredictability of vessel densities can at times impact on the robustness of the surveillance coverage. When a patrol encounters too many vessels to inspect, the limited flying hours mean that parts of its original flight plan may be curtailed, potentially leaving gaps in surveillance coverage. Extra flights can be added but this adds significantly to the resourcing costs. Satellites, in contrast, are able to cover large remote areas and distances at short timescales, with predictable schedules. Imaging satellite constellations with payloads such as electro-optical (EO) sensors and synthetic aperture radars (SAR) can provide complimentary capabilities to that of airborne patrols. Traditionally, the use of imaging satellites in maritime border surveillance has been decoupled from airborne surveillance patrols due to their long tasking-delivery timescales. With the increasing availability of high-performance commercial EO & SAR satellites and the availability of satellite direct access capabilities offering improved tasking-delivery latencies, there are opportunities to integrate and leverage spaceborne sensing with airborne platforms in maritime border security applications. This paper identifies and explores the potential roles of a selected set of imaging satellites to support airborne surveillance patrols for large maritime border regions. Four potential roles are proposed: • Surveying an area to determine likely vessel density and vessel types to aid in airborne patrol mission planning • Surveying sections of the maritime region to free up airborne patrols • Surveying areas missed by airborne patrols • Supporting geolocation awareness of specific vessels in between airborne patrols We present simulation results examining current commercial direct-access available EO & SAR satellites and provide early insights into their feasibility to support the proposed roles.

Integrating spaceborne sensing with airborne maritime surveillance patrols