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Best Management Practices (BMPs) can be implemented on agricultural landscapes to manage water flows and reduce nonpoint source pollution. However, given the specificity of each landscape, there are presently no credible methods of determining, a priori, which BMP would work best under a given situation and, more importantly, where in the watershed should it be located. Furthermore, climate change in Ontario, Canada is going to cause non-uniform spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation, thereby causing and aggravating flooding, drought, and pollution problems. Hydrological simulation models are useful tools to understand how a change in global climate could affect the availability and variability of regional water resources. This research addresses this important issue in two different watersheds in Ontario. The main goal of this study is to develop an agricultural landscape assessment tool by simultaneously considering physical, chemical, and biological landscape parameters and carry out a holistic analysis of the agricultural and environmental state of the landscape. Our research team has developed SWATDRAIN, a watershed scale model for subsurface-drained agricultural landscapes, by fully integrating SWAT and DRAINMOD models. While the SWAT model has been used extensively around the world to simulate surface hydrology of watersheds, it leaves much to be desired when it comes to subsurface hydrology, specially for tile-drained landscapes. Therefore, DRAINMOD was fully incorporated into the SWAT model’s subsurface hydrology module as an alternative method for simulating tile drainage, water table depth, and soil water status. The newly developed SWATDRAIN model is based on the DRAINMOD subsurface hydrology simulation and the SWAT surface hydrology simulation. SWATDRAIN computes the soil water balance for each HRU (Hydrologic Response Unit) in every sub-basin on a daily basis. In this paper, the impact of controlled drainage on watershed hydrology and sediment loadings will be presented. The effects of climate change on annual and seasonal water budgets, sediment loads will also be reported.

Determination of BMPs to reduce soil and water pollution in tile-drained watersheds in Southern Ontario, Canada under changing climate