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The problem of looking at modernisation for the Australian Army is that it is wicked in its nature. These problems are generally insoluble and the purpose of analysing them is to better understand them and allow more informed decisions to be made. The recognition of this requires an Analytical Campaign approach to these problems. In these campaigns a balance is sought between three aspects of analytical validity, within resource constraints. The first two aspects of analytical validity are the conflicting aspects of Internal and External Validity. These are addressed through an iterative campaign that moves across the spectrum applying methods at different levels of each to try and understand the impact. Within Army modernisation methods with high External Validity are used to identify potential areas that will impact Army modernisation. These are then transitioned to methods with high Internal Validity to try and understand cause and effect within these areas before returning to high External Validity methods to validate and contextualise the results. The third paradigm is that of Philosophical Validity. Generally Army modernisation problems have many ways they can be viewed and have multiple competing stakeholders it is important to try and capture all relevant perspectives to the problem. Within the Army modernisation program Philosphical validity is viewed in terms of the five types of triangulation; Data, Investigator, Theory, Method and Environment. The aim of this paper is to provide a framework for viewing the overall analytical validity of Analytical Campaigns. The paper then uses two examples to show the balancing of Internal and External Validity and provide a newly introduced framework for understanding Philosophical Validity.

A framework for determining the validation of analytical campaigns in defence experimentation