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Closed loop combat simulations are part of a suite of analytical tools used to help inform decision makers about various military options and potential acquisitions. A common limitation of many current combat simulations is that entities often use scripted or time-based behaviours which limit their ability to imitate the dynamic nature of combat. In addition these behaviours cannot typically be used to simulate other military environments or scenarios without resource intensive input from both military subject matter advisers and simulation experts. In this paper we attempt to address some of these limitations by applying and adapting techniques being used in both the computer gaming industry and the military research community. We propose a conceptual framework for modelling suppression in combat simulations that incorporates dynamic cognitive assessments of known and perceived battlefield threats, perceived cover locations, physiological state and social forces such as morale and leadership. We create a representative implementation of key aspects of the model in an agent-based test environment and apply it to a simple military scenario. We fuse information based on enemy lines of sight, incoming enemy fire, friendly lines of fire and the perception of dangerous areas of the environment to generate an individual "danger map" for each entity. An individual suppression model and social pressures based on simple team rules are incorporated with the danger map to generate dynamic entity behaviours. We create a baseline behaviour type that is representative of that used in current closed loop simulations and progressively add dynamic behaviours based on the model described above. The results show that the more sophisticated dynamic behaviours increase force survivability while producing battles that are longer and provide a better representation of the ebb and flow of many combat situations.

Suppression of dismounted soldiers: towards improving dynamic threat assessment in closed loop combat simulations