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: The negative effects of unemployment are significant, andthe potential for increased morbidity and mortality is a major public healthchallenge. Negative effects may be partially attributable to health behaviorchange and loss of social ties. Exercise has positive physical and mentalhealth benefits and could help buffer such negative effects. This studyexamines whether time in social and solitary exercise varies byunemployment and out of the labor force (OOLF) status because exercise,especially social exercise, provides health benefits.Methods: Gender-stratified ordinary least squares models are estimatedusing data from the nationally representative 2003-2016 American TimeUse Surveys to test how own and partner employment status areassociated with total time in exercise, exercise alone, with children, with apartner, and with others.Results: Unemployed and OOLF men spend significantly more time inexercise alone (3-9 minutes, p&lt;.05) and with others (about 13 minutes,p&lt;.001) compared to employed men. Unemployed women spendsignificantly more time in exercise with others (6 minutes, p&lt;.05), andOOLF women in all types of social exercise (1-9 minutes, p&lt;.05), comparedto employed women.Conclusions: Unemployed and OOLF individuals engage in more socialexercise, which could be leveraged to help buffer loss of social ties andimprove health. Exercise-related interventions may help reduce negativehealth consequences of unemployment.Keywords: physical activity, employment, American Time Use Survey

Social and Solitary Exercise among the Unemployed and Out of the Labor Force in the United States: Estimates by Gender and Partnership Status