English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

K E Y w o r d s — dental implant; hydroxyapatite; cell and tissue technologies; medical titanium; cell cultivation; biocompatibility; tissue bioengineering expected to increase significantly the effectiveness of traditional treatments [1–13]. The aim of osteoplasty, along with dental implant installation, is the integration of artificial materials with the tissue and long-term functioning of the entire set. The basic material used to manufacture dental implants is medical titanium, since oxide compounds on its surface contribute to the fixation and functioning of morphogenetic proteins and blood proteins involved in creating and restructuring the bone tissue [14–18]. The available published results of studies focusing on potential use of cell technologies to improve the direct and delayed dental implantation are sporadic and of fragmented nature. Experts note that optimizing osseointegration through dental implantation is extremely important for cases concerning facial aesthetics restoration and dental function where the front set of teeth is lacking, in people belonging to older age groups; in case of diabetes mellitus as well as in case of other somatic diseases that affect bone regeneration and require cell technologies [19–31]. Given the current stage of development in this new area and the state of the respective legislation, working on this issue in dentistry and microbiology can be carried out only under laboratory conditions and in experiment. Respective literature offers numerous items by implant developers, who propose various ways to increase the materials’ surface porosity aimed to improve osseointegration. Of these methods, not all ensure a positive effect on reparation, thus implying they will take a more detailed research not only from a mechanical or pharmacological point of view, yet also from the stance of living tissue response, i.e. biocompatibility. This makes finding the optimal option a harder process, which hampers introduction of innovation-based solution into practical healthcare [32–34, 39–41], whereas the ultimate goal of such solutions would be obtaining results that could ensure full reparative regeneration processes, thus bringing about mechanical integrity of the connection between the implant and the bone. At the moment, there is a stable opinion s t o M a t o L o G Y E X P E r i M E N t a L r E s E a r C h 123 | a r c h i v e u r o m e d i c a | 2 0 1 9 | v o l . 9 | n u m . 2 | stating that bone development on the implant surface implies two types of bone formation processes — contact osseogenesis, which is on the implant surface, and distant osseogenesis, i.e. from the maternal bone. These mechanisms feature their own specifics, but they share common cellular processes including proliferation and osseogenic differentiation of their own mesenchymal stem cells; the formation of osteoblastic cells that shape the bone, which is to undergo rearrangement later on. Some experts believe that the contact and mechanical connection of the titanium surface — bone interface is of key importance to the morphology of the implant surface. Developing a strong connection with the bone tissue takes a certain biological activity from the implant surface structure, apart from its wellstudied properties. The available scientific literature claim there are various options proposed to resolve the issues within the implant surface — living cell system. Thus study implied investigating the systems for implant surface preparing with hydroxyapatite, which is used widely in dentistry, yet remains questionable concerning its clinical implementation [32–37, 40]. Aim of study: to develop and offer an in vitro-proven explanation for a technology of safe preparing of implants surface, which is to be done through studying the biocompatibility with human tissues, involving cell technologies. M A t e R I A L s A n D M e t H o D s To test the biological compatibility and tropism for various types of cells, we obtained titanium samples from the Research Company Plasma Povolzhya (Saratov, Russia): Sample 1 — with neither coating nor sandblasting; Sample 2 — with titanium + hydroxyapatite (HA) coating. Osteoblast cultures and human dermal fibroblasts were used as the test systems. A total of 18 million dermal fibroblasts and 18 million fibroblast-like osseogenic cells were grown to be used in further research. At passage 4, cells were identified using morphological, biochemical methods as well as flow cytometry. The biological compatibility was studied through a direct contact in Petri plates under similar conditions for cell cultivation. The test system used cells of passages 4–8. The Petri plates with cultures with no samples were used as test systems; those were passaged and observed along with the experimental ones. At plating, the dosage in all cases was 20 thousand cells/cm2 (2 · 104). The interaction between the object and the test system remained under observation for 7 days. A total of 60 cups were examined. After the observation period, histological preparations of cell cultures were made. In unfixed monolayer cells, neutral fat was detected with sudan IV and hematoxylin. The stained preparations were studied and photographed using an automatic analytical system including an Olympus CX 21 microscope, an Olympus C-4000 ZOOM digital camera, and a system unit based on an Intel Pentium 4 processor. A total of 200 preparations were studied. R e s U L t s A n D D I s C U s s I o n Biocompatibility examination for Sample 1, titanium. A day later, both in the control and experimental plates, using an inverted microscope, a uniform monolayer was identified, where cells had structural features typical of dermal fibroblasts, and a growth pattern in close proximity of the sample (Figure 1a). In the remote area, no change in the culture growth was observed either (Table 1). After 4 days, the cells, both in the control and experimental cups, still failed to reach monolayer density (Figure 1b), while the cells still retained their morphological and functional features both close to the sample and in the remote area. A complete monolayer developed both in the control and in the experiment on Day 7. When stained with hematoxylin and sudan IV, the experiment fibroblasts were observed to retain structural features typical of healthy cells. The cell cytoplasm was oxyphilic and appeared to be homogeneous. The nuclei were of correct shape with smooth membranes. Neutral fat in fibroblasts was not detected (Figure 2a). Biocompatibility examination for Sample 2, HA coated titanium. In this study, the material did not affect the fibroblasts adhesive capacity in the culture. Observing the native culture through its dynamics revealed that 2 hours after transfer most of the cells adhered to the culture plastic and spread on it. After one day, the fibroblasts were expanded, joined their processes to each other, and began to develop a monolayer both close the sample (Figure 2b) and in the remote area. Fibroblasts, in their morpho-functional features, did not differ from cells located near the sample (Table 2). On Day 4, the monolayer density increased slightly, both near the sample and in the remote area (Figure 3a). Cells were located in different directions. On Day 7, the situation was not much different from that of Day 4. On Day 7 of the experiment, when staining fibroblasts with hematoxylin + sudan IV, an increase was observed in the number of processes that got intertwined. The cytoplasm of the cells was oxyphilic, homogeneous. The cytoplasm of single cells contained vacuoles. The nuclei were correct oval shape. Neutral fat was not detected (Figure 3b). Given the above, the study involving the dermal fibroblasts culture showed no visible response to the s t o M a t o L o G Y E X P E r i M E N t a L r E s E a r C h 124 | a r c h i v e u r o m e d i c a | 2 0 1 9 | v o l . 9 | n u m . 2 | samples, which suggests that the samples in question are inert for this group of cells. Observation of the native culture of osseogenic fibroblast-like cells (Series 2, Sample 1) revealed that 2 hours into the transfer, most of the cells stuck to the culture plastic, and after 1 day spread on it. The cells began to develop a fairly uniform monolayer both around the periphery of the cup and in close proximity to the sample (Figure 4a). Cells did not differ in structure and growth nature from the control cultures. 4 days into the experiment, complete overgrowth of the cup bottom was observed both near the sample and along the periphery, while in some areas the growth pattern of the monolayer changed — the cell layers were located in different directions (Figure 4b). The cells in those layers retained the fibroblastlike shape and fit together closely (Table 3). After 7 days, some areas featured certain thinning of the monolayer if compared to the previous study periods. This was more obvious in close proximity to the sample rather than in remote areas (Figure 5a). The monolayer histological preparations, when stained with hematoxylin and sudan IV through these stages, showed osseogenic cells near the sample, which were located randomly in various directions. The cells changed their shape from fusiform to rhomboid. The processes thickened with their outlines becoming clearly cut. The cytoplasm of the cells was oxyphilic and appeared to be homogeneous. The nuclei were of different size of correct oval shape, with smooth membranes; chromatin had the shape of fine grain, with diffuse location. There were double nucleus cells to be observed. No neutral fat was detected in the cytoplasm (Figure 5b). When observing the osseogenic fibroblast-like cells culture (Series 2, Sample 2), we could identify that 2 hours into the transfer, a small number of cells stuck to the culture plastic spreading on it. On Day 1, osseogenic fibroblast-like cells began to develop an uneven monolayer, and got connected to one another with their processes (Figure 6a). On Day 4, th

POTENTIAL INTRODUCTION OF CELL TECHNOLOGIES TO IMPROVE DENTAL IMPLANT SURFACE PREPARING