English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Explotation procedures for oil and gas companies change according to locations and sizes of the deposits, but also in response to the environmental impacts produced by extraction and transportation. Corporations involved in extraction and transportation of fossil fuels must invest in preventing and resolving impacts created by their actitivities, particularly in areas where environmental and social problems are expected. Environmental monitoring consist of following environmental variables that allow us the detection and follow-up of environmental changes produced by human activities and are essential for management and planification. Living organisms react to temporal changes in their environment and indicate conditions prevailing through time. As a result they became biological indicators or markers of environmental quality and conditions. This concept of biological indicators was widely used for determining habitat quality and changes after the 1970 ́s. Many species of mammals, amphibians and reptiles have been used as biological indicators but birds are the most used group of vertebrates for this purpose. Birds are conspicuous, easy to identify, highly diverse, widely distributed and respond to changes. They have been used for analizing canopy covert in forests, habitat fragmentation and the impacts of urbanization. The relationship between presence and abundance of avian species is employed in the definition of indexes. The Camisea Gas Project (PC) is the biggest and most important natural gas project within Peru. Camisea is found in the upper Amazonian river basin between the Urubamba River and the eastern slope of the Precordillera Vilcabamba and includes recent and older aluvial terraces reaching up to abrupt sierras and ridges with a predominance of hilly terrain with moderate to strong dissection profiles. The project has received attention by environmental organizations because it is located in one of the 34 biodiversity hotspots of the world. It is also near protected areas and their buffer zones. An environmental monitoring project (PMB) has been created for this reason. The opening of the original forest canopy produces microclimatic changes and facilitates invasion by non-forest bird species. The undergrowth insectivorous species may intensily react to changes in borders and clearings. The disturbed areas may be invaded by less specialized avian species. The PC produces two main types of habitat replacements. The gas extraction pits generates circular areas around 40 ha in size, but reaching 176 ha around the larger Las Malvinas gas plant. Linear replacements occur along the gas-conducting ducts (known as DdVs) that start at Las Malvinas and transport gas to the Pacific. Those disturbed strips have widths ranging from 20 to 60 m. Satelital images show that 40 % of the land in Camisea is occupied by stands of native giant bamboos (Guadua sp.) locally known as «pacales". Pacales have been less researched by wildlife biologists than forests. Little is known about their physiognomy, origin and dynamics. The identification of pacal-specialized biological indicators will allow us the monitoring of oil and gas exploitations in Camisea and similar sites in Amazonia. The main purpose of this thesis is the recognition of pacal avian species as biological indicators of disturbances generated by the PC. I describe the study area, the methods and the characteristics of the PC. The environmental units found at Camisea as defined by PMB (forest, pacales and disturbed areas) are described as well as the bird communities found at each one. The method used for avian surveys was the MacKninnon (L20) and consists of lists of 20 bird species per site. The surveys were carried with the help of recordings of bird calls and songs, critical for finding species in a rich tropical aviafauna. I surveyed 27 sites in Camisea between February 2004 and September 2010. With this data I calculated the specific diversity and relative abundance of bird species. I found 576 species of birds belonging to 25 orders and 60 families. For estimating the association between avian species and habitats I used a segmented Correspondency Analysis (ACS). Sites were grouped with the Morisita-Horn Similarity Index. Species richness did not significantly differ between Forest, Pacal and Disturbed habitats. However, Forest and Pacal were richer in species of Thamnophilidae (antbirds). Forest and Pacal share some biological characteristics (e.g. canopy birds) but the Disturbed areas have an heterogeneous avian assemblage with species of woodland edges and even species of open grasslands. This is reflected in the ACS and Morisita-Horn analyses. The Malvinas plant in the tests was however grouped with Pacal probably by its more recent historical origin. An Indicator Value (IV) was calculated to find the indicator species to each of the three main habitats. A total of 43 species were indicator for Forest, 23 for Pacal and 18 for Disturbed Areas. The associated species were characterized by traits of their natural history: trophic guild, foraging strata, nesting strata, nest type, geographic distribution, body mass and body length. Trophic guilds were more variable in Disturbed Habitat because granivorous species were more numerous, and carrion eaters and carnivorous birds become more important. Species endemic to Peru were only found in Pacal. Pacal bamboo stands create particular light and humidity conditions that affect the structure and dynamics of coexisting forests, generating new microhabitats for birds. Studies on bamboo-specialist birds in the Peruvian Amazonian are still uncomplete. I describe and define bamboo-exclusive avian species starting with IV ≥ 60 with p ≤ 0,05 with a random Monte Carlo test. I selected the four most exclusive Pacal species and analyzed their use of vertical space at four levels: (A) from the ground to 1.5 m (B) from 1.5 m to half the height remaining to the lowest canopy (C) from the last value up to the lowest canopy level and (D) above the last level. A third of the Pacal-asociated birds were exclusive. The four most exclusive species were the Manu Antbird (Cercomacra manu), the Ornate Antwren (Epinecrophylla ornata), the Yellow-breasted Warbling Antbird (Hypocnemis subflava) and the White-lined Antbird (Percnostola lophotes). Those four species used the vertical space differently: the Manu Antbird and the Ornate Antwren exploited the upper strata and the other two the lower strata. The most abundant food resource at Pacal were insects. The Pacal species may reduce overlap by vertical segregation and this idea is tested for the four species. The construction and maintenance of DdV caused the removal of the natural plant cover creating a linear disturbance. Pioneer and invasive plants colonized the strips. The DdV cuts along tracts of Forest and Pacal in alternate fashion. I analyzed how the four selected obligate Pacal species responded to this lineal disturbance. In six Pacal patches I surveyed 4 strips parallell to the DdV: at 0 m (i.e. the duct itself), and at 100 m, 250 m, and 400 m from it. Relative abundance of the four species was estimated with point counts. The response of the 4 obligate Pacal species to the linear disturbance was checked with linear regressions of relative abundance vs. distance to disturbance. Linear regressions have a positive slope that is explained a response to the linear disturbance. The four obligate Pacal species are good environmental indicators because they are 1) easy to recognize 2) conspicuous 3) common 4) exclusively associated to a habitat and 5) sensitive to disturbance. Besides the two Pacal canopy species are more sensible to disturbance than the two species frequenting the Pacal undergrowth. This result is the reverse of studies carried in tropical forests without bamboo, where undergrowth insectivores were more sensitive to forest fragmentation. Las aves de bambú de la Amazonía Peruana en el monitoreo de las actividades petrolíferas

Las aves de bambú de la Amazonía Peruana como componentes del monitoreo de las actividades petrolíferas y aportes al conocimiento de su historia natural