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The Family Mustelidae is the most diverse one within the Order Canivora. Compound by 22 extant genera, it shows a wide ecomorphological variation. There are 11 extant South American mustelids species: the scansorial gulonine Eira barbara; the ictonychine lyncodontinine weasels Lyncodon patagonicus, Galictis cuja y Ga. vittata; the lutrines Lontra felina, Lo. longicaudis, Lo. Provocax, and Pteronura brasiliensis; and the musteline weasels Mustela frenata, Mu.  felipei, and Mu. africana. The ictonychines are the oldest subfamily in the subcontinent (Late Pliocene-Recent), represented by numerous extinct species belonging to the extant genera and by the only extinct genus Stipanicicia, represented by S. pettorutii; other mustelid lineages of South America were recorded since the Pleistocene. Mustelid postcranial musculature was intensively studied during the XIX century, although South American species remained almost unexplored. Previous studies of postcranial osteology reported a close association between morphology and locomotor modes and other variables (e.g., body size, phylogeny, hunting behavior). Nevertheless, many topics remain scarcely explored, especially among South American species. Furthermore, postcranium has almost not been studied as a potential source of phylogenetic characters. The goal of this thesis was to study the postcranial morphological diversity of South American extinct and extant mustelids, exploring its relationship with different factors (e.g., locomotion, food habits, body size, phylogenetic structure), within a comparative framework. In this thesis, three myological specimens of Galictis cuja were studied by dissections; cranial and postcranial musculature was exhaustively described. Individual variation was described and each muscle was weighted. Muscular maps were constructed. Also, a detailed osteological description of seven South American mustelids was achieved. Morphofuctional qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed within a comparative framework at the Musteloidea level. Seven fossil specimens with preserved postcranial elements were described in detail, as well as cranial specimens of fossil lyncodontinines, including S. pettorutti. Eight indexes summarizing the relative length of axial and appendicular regions were constructed. Four postcranial elements (axis, penultimate lumbar vertebra, distal end of the humerus and proximal end of the femur) were analyzed using geometric morphometric approaches; betweengroups principal component analysis were performed in order to capture, summarize, and assess the diversity of shapes for each studied element. To evaluate the effect of the locomotion and diet on the linear and shape variables, variance analyses were performed considering the phylogenetic structure of the data and body size influence. Osteologic and myologic characters were designed, codified, and optimized (osteologic: 83 characters x 31 taxa; five continuous and 78 discrete characters; muscular: 47 characters x 32 taxa) in order to evaluate the phylogenetic value and to obtain reconstructions of ancestral states of those characters.

Morfología del aparato músculo-esqueletario del postcráneo de los mustélidos (&lt;i&gt;Carnivora, Mammalia&lt;/i&gt;) fósiles y vivientes de América del Sur: implicancias funcionales en un contexto filogenético