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Dyeing and finishing processes are integral part of textile industry. Variety of methods is being used in textile industry to improve the dyeing process [1]. Exhaust dyeing is one of all these processes used in textile dyeing. It has good fatness properties due to dye fibre chemical bonding as compare to other dyeing processes. Due to the presence of xenobiotic compounds in textile waste of this process, it contributes a lot in creating environmental pollution [2]. Textile effluents usually contain alkalis, organic acids, organic dyes, finishing agents and non-biodegradable inorganic salts [3, 4]. These textile waste materials are harmful for aquatic life as well as it is responsible for many diseases in humans [5]. For treatment of these toxic compounds many methods have been developed which include adsorption, oxidation, anaerobic decolourization, catalysis, ion exchange, membrane filtration, flocculation and ozonation [6‒8]. All these methods have certain drawbacks, they can reduce the pollution but they are expensive. Another major issue is the disposal of solid waste produced during such treatments [9]. One obvious solution of this problem could be the use of better chemicals and improve the processing technology in order to reduce pollution problems. Reactive dyes are mostly used in textile industry to produce bright colours. These reactive dyes also impart fastness properties to the dyed fabrics due to the strong covalent bonding under alkaline conditions between natural fibre and dye [10]. It is well known that reactive dyes have low degree of fixation on the textile fabric [11]. For any type of dying process, usually surfactants, inorganic salts and alkalis are required during dyeing process in order to fix the dye into fibre under suitable alkaline conditions [12‒13].

Eco-friendly route for dyeing of cotton fabric using three organic mordants in reactive dyes