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This paper describes how the Portuguese language became widely spoken in the Republic of Sao Tome and Principe and demonstrates how language expansion can be associated with the endangerment of other languages in the archipelago. A country that has been multilingual since its formation has moved towards monolingualism, marginalizing native languages or pushing them into obsolescence. We suggest, based on theoretical approach to language endangerment and death summarized by Sasse (1992), that the spread of Portuguese and its consolidation as the dominant language are associated with a complex socio-historical process including urbanization, mass schooling, media, and the desire of local elites to remain connected to an imperial language and the benefits of that connection. The choice of the ruling elite to adopt Portuguese as the official language in the young republic in 1975 effectively created the mechanisms for the diffusion of Portuguese and set the stage for the actual endangerment of other local languages.

Portuguese language expansion in São Tomé and Príncipe: an overview