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V 1. Aims and scope of the thesis  1 1.1 Justification of the thesis  3 1.2 Main objectives  4 1.3 Thesis outline  5 2. Introduction  7 2.1 Wastewater and sludge treatment: global situation 9 2.2 Anaerobic digestion: key issues with sludge  11 2.2.1 Microbiology and biochemistry  11 2.2.2 Anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge  12 2.3 Sludge pre-treatment processes: a review  15 2.3.1 Physical pre-treatments  15 2.3.2 Chemical pre-treatments  22 2.3.3 Biological pre-treatments  24 2.3.4 Discussion about pre-treatment processes 25 2.4 Thermal pre-treatment: state of the art  27 2.4.1 Overall vision  27 2.4.2 Process operating parameters  29 2.4.3 Energetic considerations  31 2.4.4 Influence of thermal pre-treatment on sludge solubilisation and biogas production  32 2.4.5 Influence of thermal pre-treatment on sludge dewaterability and viscosity  33 2.4.6 Influence of thermal pre-treatment on anaerobic digestion retention time  34 2.4.7 Laboratory scale thermal pre-treatments: a review  35 2.4.8 Commercial thermal pre-treatment processes: a review  42 2.4.9 General discussion of thermal hydrolysis applicability  50 2.5 Alternative approaches to conventional thermal hydrolysis schemes  56 2.5.1 A novel process configuration: Intermediate Thermal Hydrolysis  56 2.5.2 A variation to the thermal process: Gas explosion pre-treatment  58 2.6 References  60 3. Materials and methods  71 3.1 Substrates  73 3.2 Pre-treatment unit 74 3.3 Anaerobic digestion  75 3.3.1 Biochemical methane potential tests  75 3.3.2 Modelling BMP tests  77 3.4 Monitoring tools  78 3.4.1 Analytical methods  78 3.4.2 Performance parameters  78 3.4.3 Experimental design and statistical analysis 79 3.5 References  80 4. Evaluation of thermal steam-explosion key operation factors to optimize biogas production from biological sludge  83 5. Optimization of a thermal hydrolysis process for sludge pre-treatment  95 6. Thermal hydrolysis of sludge over a limiting temperature. Effect on prediction parameters  103 7. Separate digestion of liquid and solid fractions of thermally pretreated secondary sludge. Assessment and global evaluation  113 8. Assessment of “gas explosion” pre-treatment on the anaerobic digestion efficiency in terms of methane production  121 9. General discussion and conclusions  131 10. Future perspectives  137 11. Curriculum Vitae  143

Thermal hydrolysis pre-treatment to enhance anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge. optimization of operating conditions and evaluation of alternative schemes