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espanolA finales del siglo XI, se inicio al sur del rio Duero un fenomeno muy singular de repoblacion y creacion de nuevas villas que llego hasta el rio Tajo. Fue impulsado por la monarquia castellana para hacer frente al empuje musulman y para ello se dividio el territorio en comunidades. Cada una de ellas tenia una villa cabecera y un territorio subordinado donde existian pequenas aldeas. En este contexto, se creo una sociedad medieval particular a escala europea, donde los habitantes gozaban de libertad y podian participar en las decisiones politicas de su ciudad a traves de asambleas. Una de las caracteristicas de estas villas cabeceras era la muralla que las protegia. En muchos casos, esta muralla abarcaba un area muy extensa de terreno. Esta investigacion analiza los recintos amurallados de una parte de estas villas, concretamente seis de las que se encontraban en la Diocesis de Segovia, que son Coca, Cuellar, Fuentiduena, Maderuelo, Pedraza y Sepulveda. Muchas de estas villas conservan restos de arquitectura defensiva en distintos estados de conservacion: en algunos casos se encuentran arruinados; en otros se han restaurado o reconstruido. El enfoque de esta investigacion es el analisis constructivo de estas murallas, con el objeto de determinar que tecnicas se empleaban para su construccion y compararlas entre si. El sistema constructivo de la tapia de mamposteria o mamposteria encofrada es una tecnica muy presente en los casos analizados. Este sistema utiliza un molde de madera, el tapial, que se llena de una mezcla de mampuestos, tierra y cal. Con el fraguado, la mezcla se solidifica formando un bloque rectangular, la tapia, que tiene un tamano que puede variar aproximadamente de 260cm a 290cm de anchura, de 105cm a 130cm de alto y un fondo que se corresponde con el espesor de la muralla, que se aproxima a los 200cm. En la actualidad, estas tapias son todavia visibles en las murallas, los lienzos tienen divisiones verticales y horizontales que delimitan estos grandes bloques. Las agujas del tapial se abandonan habitualmente en el interior del muro dejando ritmicos huecos visibles en la superficie. A traves de un estudio con mediciones, fotografias, fotogrametria digital, dibujos y analisis estadisticos se ha extraido una tapia representativa de cada caso para comparar sus caracteristicas y averiguar en que aspectos coinciden. Una de las conclusiones directas de esta investigacion es el protagonismo de esta tecnica constructiva, la tapia de mamposteria, en la construccion de estas murallas cristianas. De forma mas especifica, la comparacion de cada tapia ha puesto en evidencia semejanzas dimensionales en casi todos los casos. La configuracion del sistema de sujecion del tapial o la forma de colocar las piedras en su interior ha permitido relacionar y diferenciar algunas de estas murallas. Finalmente, la divulgacion de las tecnicas constructivas de estas murallas es un aspecto clave para su conservacion. Con esta investigacion se busca contribuir al entendimiento de estas construcciones para que tengan el reconocimiento que merecen y tambien para fomentar su correcta restauracion. EnglishAbstract The phenomenon of the “Comunidades de Villa y Tierra” took place from the XIth to the XIIIth centuries, in the territory of Extremadura, in the south of the Leon and Castile kingdoms, which extends from the river Douro to the river Tagus. Its principal objective was to colonize this border area between Christians and Muslims to guarantee a territorial and political control thereof. This means of repopulation was organized in regions that had one principal town and an assigned territory where small villages existed. In this context, a new, little seen social organization arose in the medieval world; one in which the people had greater liberty and could participate in the city government through assemblies. One of the characteristics of these towns that were the seats of local power was that they had a protective wall surrounding the town. In many cases, this wall occupied extensive areas of land. This study relates the constructive techniques of the walls of six towns in the area that was under the control of the Diocese of Segovia, which includes Coca, Cuellar, Fuentiduena, Maderuelo, Pedraza y Sepulveda. Many of these towns have remains of defensive architecture, and a comparison between constructive techniques is possible. The analyses of the remains depend on their condition, in some cases they are abandoned, in other cases a restoration or a reconstruction has been carried out. The objective of this work is to analyze the construction system that was used in these walls, and to compare with each other. The study of remains, has revealed that the formwork technique of stone cemented with lime is present in all the cases studied. It consists of large rectangular blocks, locked together as if they were bricks, of about 260cm-290cm long and 105cm-130cm high, and a depth corresponding to the thickness of the wall, of about 200cm. These great blocks are made with a mould, a wooden formwork, constructed with several rows of shuttering boards separated by the desired thickness of the wall. One of the short sides of the formwork is closed off by the previously constructed block, and the opposite side is closed off using boards or a stone wall. When the formwork is being constructed at height and it is not possible to support it from the ground, it is supported by timbers placed transversally across the thickness of the wall, in the base of the formwork. They project from the formwork to support the vertical timbers which in turn support the shuttering boards. The vertical timbers could be tied at the top with rope. This mould is then filled with a mixture of stones, earth and lime which is inserted as if it were concrete. When it is set, the mould is removed and the next block is then constructed. The marks left by the formwork are visible in the walls studied. The horizontal limit marks of the blocks are generally more visible than the vertical ones. A great irregularity can be observed in many cases in the execution of the wall. A direct conclusion of these research is the use of formwork technique in all the cases. Other conclusions have been found comparing the parameters of this technique identified in each wall, such as kind of stone, dimensions of blocks or putlog hole type.

Las murallas en las comunidades de villa y tierra de la Diócesis de Segovia en los siglos XI a XIII : técnica y sistemas constructivos de la arquitectura defensiva medieval