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7 Resumen 9 Chapter 1: Introduction 11 1.1-The pitch canker disease pathogen: Fusarium circinatum 11 1.2-Factors influencing the epidemiology of pitch canker disease 14 1.2.1-Abiotic factors 14 1.2.1.1-Forest management 14 aMovement of plant material 14 bTree host selection14 cPruning 14 1.2.1.2: Environmental conditions 14 1.2.2-Biotic factors 15 1.2.2.1-Fungal communities 15 1.2.2.2-Bark beetles 15 aTomicus piniperda L. 17 bPityophthorus pubescens (Marsham) 17 cOther bark beetles in northern Spain 20 Chapter 2: Objectives 25 Chapter 3: Effects of pruning in Monterey pine plantations affected by Fusarium circinatum 27 3.1Introduction 28 3.2Materials and Methods 28 3.2.1Plots selection 28 3.2.2Field work 29 3.2.3Statistical analysis 29 3.3Results 29 3.4Discussion 30 Chapter 4: Fungal communities associated with bark beetles in pine pitch canker affected plantations in northern Spain, with special focus on Fusarium species 35 Ab 4.1Introduction 36 4.2Materials and Methods 36 4.2.1Sample collection 36 4.2.2Molecular and morphological identification of fungi 37 4.2.3Molecular identification of insects 38 4.2.4Statistical analysis 38 4.3Results 38 4.3.1Fungal communities from insect galleries 38

Factors influencing the epidemiology of "Fusarium circinatum" in northern Spain