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Real-time monitoring of the gastrointestinal tract in a safe and comfortablemanner is valuable for the diagnosis and therapy of many diseases. Within thisrealm, our review captures the trends in ingestible capsule systems with afocus on hardware and software technologies used for capsule endoscopy andremote patient monitoring. We introduce the structure and functions of thegastrointestinal tract, and the FDA guidelines for ingestible wirelesstelemetric medical devices. We survey the advanced features incorporated iningestible capsule systems, such as microrobotics, closed-loop feedback,physiological sensing, nerve stimulation, sampling and delivery, panoramicimaging with adaptive frame rates, and rapid reading software. Examples ofexperimental and commercialized capsule systems are presented with descriptionsof their sensors, devices, and circuits for gastrointestinal health monitoring.We also show the recent research in biocompatible materials and batteries,edible electronics, and alternative energy sources for ingestible capsulesystems. The results from clinical studies are discussed for the assessment ofkey performance indicators related to the safety and effectiveness ofingestible capsule procedures. Lastly, the present challenges and outlook aresummarized with respect to the risks to health, clinical testing and approvalprocess, and technology adoption by patients and clinicians.

Video Capsule Endoscopy and Ingestible Electronics: Emerging Trends in Sensors, Circuits, Materials, Telemetry, Optics, and Rapid Reading Software