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Huddleston Hall • 73 Main Street • Durham, NH 03824 carsey.unh.edu • 603.862.2821 TTY Users: dial 7-1-1 or 1-800-735-2964 (Relay N.H.) Gender inequality has declined precipitously over the past half-century, fundamentally altering women’s, men’s, and their children’s lives. Despite these changes, women continue to pay a wage penalty for motherhood, earning about 5 percent less than equally-qualified childless women. Some now suggest that the gender wage gap is, in fact, a parenthood wage gap. In my recent study, I asked whether the motherhood wage penalty has declined over the past few decades. Are we witnessing a trend toward equality not just between women and men but also among women? The answers are mixed. The motherhood wage penalty began to decrease in the 1990s.1 The decrease, however, was most pronounced for high-earning women and smallest for lower-earning women. Median-earners fell somewhere in between. Today, high-earning women, or those who make close to $100,000 per year, no longer pay a motherhood penalty. But low earners, or those struggling on $15,000 per year, do. These changes in the motherhood wage penalty are reminiscent of the story of rising economic inequality, driven by gains at the top. Women at the top of the wage distribution have fared well over the past few decades, gaining various types of resources that have helped to ameliorate their work-family conflict.

The Motherhood Wage Penalty: High-Earning Women Are Doing Better Than Before