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See Article on Page 201-204  Recently, the number of cases of neuroendocrine tumors, mainly small rectal carcinoid tumors detected during colonoscopy screening, has increased rapidly [1, 2]. However, a standardized management for small rectal carcinoid tumors still remains to be established. Thus, several issues remain to be addressed.  First, which tumors have high risk for lymph-node metastasis? Small rectal carcinoid tumors without metastasis can be treated by using local excision methods, including endoscopic resection or local surgical excision. Tumor size, the depth of invasion, the presence of angiolymphatic invasion, and the mitotic rate have been shown to be risk factors for lymph-node metastasis [3-5]. However, identifying the high-risk group preoperatively is difficult. Preoperative endoscopic ultrasonography or computed tomography (CT) may be helpful, but the clinical role of those modalities is limited. In fact, Kim et al. [6] reported that fewer than half of the 38 patients enrolled in the study had received preoperative radiologic evaluations.  Second, which is the best method to use for the local resection of tumors? The tumors are usually located in the submucosal layer; thus, achieving a tumor-free margin by using a conventional endoscopic resection, such as a snare polypectomy or a strip biopsy, is difficult. Recently, Son et al. [7] reported pathologically-determined complete-resection (P-CR) rates for small rectal carcinoid tumors excised by using several methods. The P-CR rates were 30.9%, 72.0%, and 81.8% for a conventional endoscopic polypectomy, an advanced endoscopic technique, including endoscopic mucosal resection with cap or endoscopic submucosal dissection, and local surgical excision, including transanal excision and transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM). In a study by Kim et al. [6], the complete resection rate for TEM was over 97%. Although TEM is superior to other endoscopic procedures, TEM must be considered to be more invasive because of the risk associated with the use of anesthesia.  Third, guidelines for follow-up examination after initial treatment for a small rectal carcinoid tumor have not yet been established. Some authors recommend annual follow-up examination including a CT scan while others suggest that follow-up is not necessary [8-11]. Actually, Kim et al. [6] reported that only 38 patients of 109 patients with a rectal carcinoid tumor who had undergone TEM had more than three years of follow-up.  Regretfully, the study of Kim et al. [6] is one of small case series on the treatment of rectal carcinoid tumors. Hopefully, large-scale multicenter studies on the management of rectal carcinoid tumors will be reported sooner or later.

Current Issues Involving the Treatment of Small Rectal Carcinoid Tumors