English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Zendy Pro

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Presents AI Discovery search usage as a premium feature

AI Discovery

Presents AI Discovery explain and summary usage as a premium feature

Content Analysis

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

1500 Top-up

3000 Top-up

Zendy Basic

2500 Top-up

Zendy Unlimited

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

See Article on Page 329-333  Examined under colonoscopy, Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) associated colitis shows pseudomembranous colitis findings, and it is a disease that may cause severe watery diarrhea (more than 3 times per day), abdominal pain and fever. The mortality is 1-3%, and it may recur [1]. Therefore, by anticipating the development of pseudomembranous colitis, early diagnosis and following appropriate treatments, the morbidity and mortality could be lowered.  Since the introduction of preoperative bowel preparation, colorectal surgery has improved greatly. The principle is to decrease perioperative bacterial infection by reducing the number of bacteria in the large intestine through the combination of mechanical bowel irrigation and oral antibiotics. Traditionally, postsurgical infection in the colorectal operation could be decreased effectively by the use of laxatives and oral administration of erythromycin and neomycin. The method so called the Nichols-Condon preparation is the administeration of cathartics and oral antibiotics, and it has been accepted widely. Presently, most anorectal surgeons (86.5%) still use this method in North America. However, since intravenous injection of antibiotics is reported to be superior to the oral administration of antibiotics, the trend is the change of the administration route. Recently, side effects and complications directly associated with the use of antibiotics have been reported. Although C. difficile colitis has been reported rarely, it has been reported up to 5.6% of patients who had complicating colorectal procedures.  Particularly, in the specific subgroup associated with bowel obstruction symptoms, the incidence of C. difficile infection has been reported to be increased to 29% [2]. In geriatric patients who have received colorectal surgery, the cause of the development of C. difficile colitis is thought to be the deterioration of host immune system, nonetheless, more comprehensive mechanisms are a subject to study. The reason that oral metronidazole is favored over erythromycin in preoperative treatments is because it effectively reduces C. difficile proliferation [2]. As risk factors for C. difficile colitis developed after intestinal surgery, albumin value, prothrombin time, duration of cephalosporin and aminoglycoside injection, the duration of the use of antacid, transfusion volume, intraperitoneal abscess, fasting period, and the duration in the intensive care unit have been reported to be significant [1]. Numerous investigators consider the purpose of the use of prophylactic antibiotics prior to surgery as primarily the prevention of surgical wound infection or sepsis and other complications, and the complications such as C. difficile colitis may be considered as incidental complications. Most C. difficile colitis is cured after conservative treatments. Nonetheless, it has been reported that in severe cases, retention enema using vancomycin was attempted [3]. When planned colorectal surgeries are performed, if mechanical bowel irrigation is performed prior to surgery for the prevention of perioperative infection, intravenous injection of antibiotics once is sufficient [4].  C. difficile colitis is a complication that may develop after colorectal operation in geriatric patients, patients with suppressed immunity, and patients associated with bowel obstruction. The frequency is up to 21% [2]. Once developed, the morbidity and mortality are high, and financial loss is large, and thus best efforts should be made for its prevention and early detection. Therefore, studies to develop the standard bowel irrigation method that could achieve the purpose without causing the rapid change of the intestinal bacterial flora as well as studies on the selection of ideal antibiotics should be conducted continuously.

The Risk Factors ofClostridium difficileColitis in Colorectal Surgery