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Afro-Zulians in the Trans-Atlantic World: A Case Study of Jean de Chourio and the Black Venezuelans of the Sur del Lago Maracaibo (1722-1811) Raymond Andrew Keller, II This di ssertation a ddresses t he hi story of a s mall c ommunity of t he A frican D iaspora m ostly overlooked: t he Afro-Zulians as the descendants of the first blacks brought over to the Sur del Lago M aracaibo r egion in V enezuela b y t he B asque-French s lave t rader J ean de C hourio in 1722. T he s ignificance of t his group in t he context of colonial Venezuela f rom the p eriod o f 1722-1811, t he year o f Venezuelan i ndependence, i s hi ghlighted. T his dissertation e xamines perceptions that the Afro-Zulian community has of itself, as well as the perceptions that others have of it both within and outside of Venezuela. The theoretical idea central to this study is that despite attempts by the European colonists and Creole elites to strip away the African identity of the Afro-Zulian peoples (deculturation), the Afro-Zulians have managed to hold on to both their racial i ntegrity and t hose f undamentals of c ulture, l anguage a nd r eligion t hat l ink t hem t o t he Imbangala peoples of pr e-colonial Angola. T hese fundamentals i n va rying degrees h ave been transmitted to, and incorporated into, the larger Afro-Venezuelan and even greater multicultural Venezuelan hi storical a nd s ocial m atrix through a gradual pr ocess of a cculturation a nd conflation. T his s tudy assists i n a ugmenting an unde rstanding o f t his ove rlooked m inority’s contributions t o V enezuelan hi story and s ociety. In addition, i t w ill s erve t o ge nerate f urther interest a nd i nvestigation on t he p art o f hi storians a nd researchers of the A frican Diaspora throughout the Americas. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Raymond Andrew Keller, II, was born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1954. He currently serves as an Americorps VISTA (Volunteer in Service to America), attached to Literacy Volunteers, a United Way agency in Monongalia County, West Virginia, where he is developing a program to assist immigrants in the United States obtain citizenship. He g raduated f rom B edford S enior H igh S chool i n B edford, O hio, i n 1972, a nd w ent on t o honorably serve in both the United States Navy and United States Army, where he worked as a voice i ntercept ope rator i n t he Spanish l anguage t hroughout Latin A merica. H e r eceived a n associate degree in business from the University of Maryland in 1977, and his bachelor of arts in world history from the University of Maryland in 1985, bot h degrees while on a ctive duty. In 1989 he successfully completed the Multicultural Education Program at the College of Santa Fe in New Mexico, whence he went on t o become the Director of English as a Second Language and Bilingual/Multicultural Education programs for secondary education at the Hilmar Unified School District in the San Joaquin Valley in California from 1990-1995. Keller was employed by VENUSA (Venezuela-United States Academy) in Mérida, Venezuela, in 2001 and 2002 as an ESL instructor and editor of the textbook division. He also was attached to La Universidad Valle del Momboy in Valera, Venezuela, from VENUSA. He returned to the United States in 2002 to accept a scholarship in foreign languages at West Virginia University, receiving his master’s degree in Spanish with an emphasis on Latin American literature in May 2004. He enrolled in the doctoral program in the Department of History in the Fall of 2004, and mostly taught classes on Africana Studies, with some World History and Latin America. He and his wife, Ydalis M. Herrera, make their home in Morgantown, West Virginia. Eskertzen Dizut (Basque/Euskara)

Afro-Zulians in the Trans-Atlantic World: A Case Study of Jean de Chourio and the Black Venezuelans of the Sur del Lago Maracaibo (1722--1811)