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ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  iii TABLE OF CONTENTS  iv LIST OF FIGURES  v 1.0 INTRODUCTION  1 1.1– STUDY AREA BACKGROUND AND SITE SELECTION  5 1.1.1 – GEOCHEMISTRY OF SURFACE WATERS IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN  7 1.1.2 – STABLE ISOTOPES OF OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN IN WATER  11 1.1.3 – STABLE ISOTOPES OF CARBON IN DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON. 13 1.1.4 – STABLE ISOTOPES OF SULFUR AND OXYGEN IN DISSOLVED SULFATE  16 1.2– FORMAT OF THESIS  17 2.0 – GEOCHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC VARIATIONS IN SURFACE WATERS OF THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN: AN AREA OF ACCELERATING MARCELLUS SHALE DEVELOPMENT IN WEST VIRGINIA  18 2.1 INTRODUCTION  18 2.2 – STUDY AREA  20 2.3 – METHODS  21 2.4 – RESULTS  24 2.5 – DISCUSSION  25 2.5.1 – SURFACE WATER GEOCHEMISTRY  25 2.5.2 – OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN ISOTOPES  29 2.5.3 – CARBON ISOTOPES OF DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON  30 2.5.4 – SULFUR AND OXYGEN ISOTOPES OF DISSOLVED SULFATE  32 2.6 CONCLUSIONS  34 3.0 – CONCLUSIONS  36 4.0 REFERENCES  38 5.0 FIGURES  45 6.0 – TABLES  54

Geochemical and isotopic variations in surface waters of the monongahela river basin: An area of accelerating marcellus shale development in West Virginia