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Apple Pomace as a Novel Nutritional Aid for Western Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Young Female Sprague Dawley Rats R. Chris Skinner Apple pomace is a “waste” byproduct of apple processing that causes environmental pollution and is costly to dispose of. Yet, apple pomace is rich in dietary fibers and antioxidants. Analysis of apple pomace’s nutritional profile indicates suitability as a potential dietary treatment for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the more severe non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NAFLD is the most prevalent liver disease in the world with prevalence and severity expected to increase in both adults and children. Currently, there is no approved drug treatment for NAFLD and therefore, dietary intervention is the primary treatment. The study objectives were to determine the effect of apple pomace consumption on diet-induced NAFLD, NASH and renal and bone health using a rodent model. Growing (aged 22-29 d) female Sprague-Dawley rats (n=8/group) were fed ad libitum diets consisting of AIN-93G, AIN-93G with 10% apple pomace substitution (AIN/AP), Western diet (45% fat, 34% sucrose), or Western diet with 10% apple pomace substitution (Western/AP) for 8 weeks. Results showed Western diet consumption increased (p<0.0001) gonadal adipose weight independent of body weight differences. Rats consuming Western diet showed histological evidence of hepatic fat infiltration and inflammation characterizing NAFLD and progression to NASH. Fatty acid analysis by gas chromatography showed increase (p<0.05) hepatic palmitic, palmitoleic, and oleic acid content in rats consuming Western diet was attenuated by apple pomace. Gonadal adipose tissue fatty acid analysis showed rats consuming a Western diet to have significantly reduced palmitic, stearic, and oleic acid compared to all diet groups. These results suggest saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids from the adipose tissue are being transported to the liver, resulting in increased hepatic fat deposition. Additionally, hepatic gene expression by real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) showed rats consuming Western diet upregulated hepatic expression of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2), which was attenuated by apple pomace. Rats consuming Western diets also had upregulated nuclear factor kappa-light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Further, gonadal adipose tissue expression of NFκB, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) was significantly upregulated compared to all groups contributing to progression of NAFLD to NASH. The results suggest increased gonadal adipose also increased transport of inflammatory cytokines, resulting in NASH progression. Apple pomace attenuated Western diet-induced NAFLD due to the high fiber content in apple pomace increasing (p<0.02) serum bile acids. Caloric substitution with apple pomace also attenuated Western diet-induced progression to NASH. High polyphenol content in apple pomace resulted in significantly increased serum total antioxidants and decreased urinary antioxidants. The calcium and fructose content in apple pomace showed no significant effects in indices of renal or bone health. Collectively, the study results showed caloric substitution of a healthy or Western diet with 10% apple pomace attenuated NAFLD, progression to NASH, and was safe for renal and bone health. Therefore, apple pomace has potential to be repurposed for human consumption as a sustainable functional food and as a nutritional aid to promote liver health.

Apple Pomace as a Novel Aid for Western Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Young Female Sprague Dawley Rats