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ii List	  of	  Abbreviationsiv Table	  of	  Contentsvi List	  of	  Figuresix Specific	  Aimsxi Chapter	  1:	  Literature	  review1 1.1	  Diabetes	  Mellitus	  2 a.	  Global	  Health	  Perspective3 b.	  Type	  I	  Diabetes3 c.	  Type	  II	  Diabetes3 1.2	  Diabetic	  Kidney	  Disease4 a.	  Pathophysiology	  –structural	  alterations5 b.	  Pathophysiology-­‐	  renal	  hemodynamic	  alterations6 1.3	  Endothelial	  Dysfunction	  in	  Diabetes7 1.4	  Oxidative	  stress	  in	  Diabetes10 a.	  Sources	  of	  ROS	  in	  Diabetes10 b.	  Deficiency	  in	  antioxidant	  protective	  systems11 c.	  Oxidative	  stress	  and	  diabetic	  kidney	  disease11 1.5	  NADPH	  and	  G6PD12 a.	  Significance	  of	  NADPH12 b.	  Sources	  of	  NADPH13

C-peptide Improves Hyperglycemia-induced Endothelial Redox Balance by Preventing Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and Enhancing NADPH Synthesis