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The spiny water flea (Bythotrephes longimanus), an aquatic invasive zooplankton species native to Eurasia, was first recorded from Manitoba waters at the Pointe du Bois Generating Station on the Winnipeg River using a larval fish drift net with 950 μm mesh, on 18 July, 2009. Bythotrephes drift density upstream and downstream of the station was highly variable with maximum densities of 23.3 individuals/100 m (9 samples) in June 2010 and 9.4 individuals/100 m in June 2012 (60 samples). In August and October of 2011, Bythotrephes were identified from the stomachs of eight cisco (Coregonus artedi) collected from the South basin of Lake Winnipeg near the mouth of the Winnipeg River, indicating that the invader had become part of the local food web. Subsequent targeted sampling for Bythotrephes with ship-based vertical plankton net (76 μm mesh) tows at 65 offshore/pelagic sites in Lake Winnipeg during summer and fall of 2012 indicated that the invader had colonized the South basin by early August and had expanded its distribution into most of the North basin by early October. No individuals were captured at a site just past the lake outlet in the Nelson River. Densities of Bythotrephes in Lake Winnipeg ranged from 0 to 93.1 and 0 to 39.2 individuals/m among sites for the summer and fall sampling, respectively. The highest mean density (9.2 individuals/m) was observed for the South basin in the summer of 2012. Non-targeted kick-net sampling at Playgreen Lake, located on the Nelson River approximately 27 km north of the Lake Winnipeg outlet in August of 2012, confirmed the rapid northward expansion of Bythotrephes through Lake Winnipeg. This represents the first evidence for further downstream dispersal. However, as of August 2015, multiple kicknet and Ekman/Ponar grab samples from Cross and Sipiwesk lakes further downstream on the Nelson River have not captured any Bythotrephes.

Rapid geographic expansion of spiny water flea (Bythotrephes longimanus) in Manitoba, Canada, 2009–2015