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Breaching of earthen or sandy dams/dunes by overtopping flow and waves is acomplicated process with strong, unsteady flow, high sediment transport, andrapid bed changes in which the interactions between flow and morphology shouldnot be ignored. This study presents a depth-averaged two-dimensional (2D)coupled flow and sediment transport model to investigate the flow and breachingprocesses with and without waves. Bed change and variable flow density areincluded in the flow continuity and momentum equations to consider the impactsof sediment transport. The model adopts the non-equilibrium approach fortotal-load sediment transport and specifies different repose angles to handlenon-cohesive embankment slope avalanching. The equations are solved using anexplicit finite volume method on a rectangular grid with the improvedGodunov-type central upwind scheme and the nonnegative reconstruction of thewater depth method to handle mixed-regime flows near the breach. The model hasbeen tested against two sets of experimental data which show that it wellsimulates the flow characteristics, bed changes, and sediment transport. It isthen applied to analyze flow and morphologic changes by overtopping flow withand without waves. The simulated bed change and breach cross-section shape showa significant difference if waves are considered. Erosion by flow without wavesmainly occurs at the breach and is dominated by vertical erosion at the initialstage followed by the lateral erosion. With waves, the flow overtops the entirelength of the dune to cause faster erosion along the entire length. Erosionmainly takes place at the upper layer at the initial stage and graduallyaccelerates as the height of the dune reduces and flow discharge increases,which indicates the simulated results with waves shall be further verified byphysical experimental evidence.

Modeling of Breaching Due to Overtopping Flow and Waves Based on Coupled Flow and Sediment Transport