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Recently, the homogenous flood generating mechanism assumption has become questionable due to changes in the underlying surface. In addition, flood is a multifaced natural phenomenon and should be characterized by both peak discharge and flood volume, especially for flood protection structures. Hence, in this study, data relating to the 55-year reservoir inflow, annual maximum flood peak (AMFP), and annual maximum flood volume (AMFV) for the Longmen Reservoir in North China have been utilized. The 1-day AMFV exhibits a significant correlation with AMFP. The extreme flood peak-volume pairs are then used to detect the heterogeneity and to perform nonstationary flood risk assessment using mixture distribution as the univariate marginal distribution. Moreover, a copula-based bivariate nonstationary flood frequency analysis is developed to investigate environmental effects on the dependence of flood peak and volume. The results indicate that the univariate nonstationary return period is between the joint OR and the AND return periods. The conditional probabilities of 1-day AMFV, when AMFP exceeds a certain threshold, are likely to be high, and the design flood values estimated by joint distribution are larger than the ones in the univariate nonstationary context. This study can provide useful information for engineers and decision-makers to improve reservoir flood control operations.

Bivariate Nonstationary Extreme Flood Risk Estimation Using Mixture Distribution and Copula Function for the Longmen Reservoir, North China