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Herein, we introduce a low-cost, available, renewable, and effective solid adsorbent used for oilfield-produced-water treatment using a straightforward treatment process. In the present study, sheep dung ash was prepared using the same way this waste is produced in rural areas when sheep dung is used as a source of energy for cooking and heating: by burning sheep dung with a direct flame. The prepared ash was characterized using FTIR, EDX, and SEM analysis techniques. The feasibility of the ash as a low-cost, available, renewable, and effective adsorbent for reducing the COD of oilfield-produced water with the initial COD of 21,600 mg/L was investigated. The effect of adsorbent dose, contact time (in hours and days), initial pH value, and initial COD value on the efficiency of sheep dung ash in COD adsorption was examined at room temperature. With shaking, the maximum capacity of sheep dung ash for COD reduction was found to be 71.8% at an adsorbent dosage of 30 g/L, an initial pH of 7, and a contact time of 1 h. Without shaking, a maximum capacity of 75% for COD reduction was obtained at an adsorbent dosage of 30 g/L, an initial pH of 7, and a contact time of 4 days. By applying the experimental results on Langmuir and Freundlich models of adsorption, it was found that the adsorption process of COD causing molecules follows both Langmuir and Freundlich models.

Sheep Dung Ash as a Low-Cost Adsorbent for the Reduction of COD of Highly Polluted Oilfield-Produced Water