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Acceleration urbanization and industrialization has resulted in challenges such as river ecosystem degradation and water scarcity that have hindered sustainable development in China. Healthy rivers provide ecosystem services that improve human well-being. The Happy River Index (HRI) integrates trends in river health and human well-being. This study aimed to establish an HRI assessment framework. The assessment framework was applied to the Yellow River, China at three spatial scales in which the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)-entropy weight and single index quantification-multiple indices syntheses-poly-criteria integration (SMI-P) methods were utilized. Limiting factors were diagnosed by the obstacle degree model and approaches to improve the HRI in regions along the Yellow River are suggested. The results showed that: (1) the overall HRI of the Yellow River was relatively low, with some differences among different regions; (2) the HRI for the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the Yellow River showed a decreasing trend from 0.77 to 0.65; (3) Sichuan had the highest HRI at the regional scale, followed by Gansu and Qinghai, whereas Inner Mongolia had the lowest; (4) scarcity of water resources and the fragility of the ecological environment were the two dominant factors restricting the improvement of the HRI in regions along the Yellow River. The results of this study can provide a valuable reference for protection of river health and improvement of human well-being in China.

Assessment of the Happy River Index as an Integrated Index of River Health and Human Well-Being: A Case Study of the Yellow River, China