English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

This paper presents a two-stage method for simultaneous least-cost design and operation of looped water distribution systems (WDSs). After partitioning the network into a chord and spanning trees, in the first stage, a reformulated linear programming (LP) method is used to find the least cost design of a WDS for a given set of flow distribution. In the second stage, a non-linear programming (NLP) method is used to find a new flow distribution that reduces the cost of the WDS operation given the WDS design obtained in stage one. The following features of the proposed two-stage method make it more appealing compared to other methods: (1) the reformulated LP stage can consistently reduce the penalty cost when designing a WDS under multiple loading conditions; (2) robustness as the number of loading conditions increases; (3) parameter tuning is not required; (4) the method reduces the computational burden significantly when compared to meta-heuristic methods; and (5) in oppose to an evolutionary “black box” based methodology such as a genetic algorithm, insights through analytical sensitivity analysis, while the algorithm progresses, are handy. The efficacy of the proposed methodology is demonstrated using two WDSs case studies.

A Two-Stage LP-NLP Methodology for the Least-Cost Design and Operation of Water Distribution Systems