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With the increasing adoption of demand management strategies and water conservation practices, domestic water consumption is projected to decline in the future. The subsequent consumer-side demand reductions are expected to result in increased residence times in water distribution networks (WDNs), and thus could have negative effects on the water quality (WQ) reaching the consumers’ taps. This study evaluates the impacts of the projected decrease in residential water demands on the deterioration of the WQ in WDNs. This deterioration will likely be most prominent in the dead-end branches at the perimeters of WDNs, where the flow is characteristically low and intermittent. The assessment of WQ deterioration in the dead-end branches requires the implementation of an accurate WQ simulation model. To this end, a new Python-based software package, WUDESIM_Py, is first introduced. The WQ simulation engine in WUDESIM_Py is based on an advection-dispersion-reaction model and accounts for the spatial distribution of water demands along dead-end pipes. WUDESIM_Py comprises various sets of functions that allow the users to set-up and conduct WQ simulations as well as obtain and visualize simulation results. A complete description of the different functions, together with examples of how these functions can be implemented in different applications, is provided. Through conducting extensive simulations of benchmark WDNs, the results revealed that widespread adoption of water conservation practices can lead to significant WQ deterioration in the dead-end branches. Additionally, the results suggested that neglecting dispersive transport and spatially aggregating demands may result in overestimating residual chlorine concentrations in the dead-end branches, which could mask the real impacts of demand reduction on WQ deterioration.

Investigating the Impacts of Water Conservation on Water Quality in Distribution Networks Using an Advection-Dispersion Transport Model