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In the plant immune system, according to the ‘gene-for-gene’ model, a resistance  (R)  gene product in the plant specifically surveils a corresponding effector protein functioning as an avirulence ( Avr ) gene product. This system differs from other plant–pathogen interaction systems, in which plant  R  genes recognize a single type of gene or gene family because almost all virus genes with distinct structures and functions can also interact with  R  genes as  Avr  determinants. Thus, research conducted on viral Avr-R systems can provide a novel understanding of  Avr  and  R  gene product interactions and identify mechanisms that enable rapid co-evolution of plants and phytopathogens. In this review, we intend to provide a brief overview of virus-encoded proteins and their roles in triggering plant resistance, and we also summarize current progress in understanding plant resistance against virus  Avr  genes. Moreover, we present applications of  Avr  gene-mediated phenotyping in  R  gene identification and screening of segregating populations during breeding processes.

From Player to Pawn: Viral Avirulence Factors Involved in Plant Immunity