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In this review article, we revisit the topic of baryogenesis, which is thephysical process that generated the observed baryon asymmetry during the firststages of the primordial Universe. A viable theoretical explanation tounderstand and investigate the mechanisms underlying baryogenesis must alwaysensure that the Sakharov criteria are fulfilled. These essentially state thefollowing: (i) baryon number violation; (ii) the violation of both C (chargeconjugation symmetry) and CP (the composition of parity and C); (iii) and thedeparture from equilibrium. Throughout the years, various mechanisms have beenproposed to address this issue, and here we review two of the most important,namely, electroweak baryogenesis (EWB) and Grand Unification Theories (GUTs)baryogenesis. Furthermore, we briefly explore how a change in the theory ofgravity affects the EWB and GUT baryogenesis by considering Scalar--TensorTheories (STT), where the inclusion of a scalar field mediates thegravitational interaction, in addition to the metric tensor field. We considerspecific STT toy models and show that a modification of the underlyinggravitational theory implies a change in the time--temperature relation of theevolving cosmological model, thus altering the conditions that govern theinterplay between the rates of the interactions generating baryon asymmetry,and the expansion rate of the Universe. Therefore, the equilibrium of theformer does not exactly occur as in the general relativistic standard model,and there are consequences for the baryogenesis mechanisms that have beendevised. This is representative of the type of modifications of thebaryogenesis processes that are to be found when considering extended theoriesof gravity.

Baryogenesis: A Symmetry Breaking in the Primordial Universe Revisited