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Recent independent observations using several different telescope systems ananalysis methods have provided evidence of parity violation between the numberof galaxies that spin in opposite directions. On the other hand, other studiesargued that no parity violation can be identified. This paper provides detailedanalysis, statistical inference, and reproduction of previous reports that showno preferred spin direction. Code and data used for the reproduction arepublicly available. The results show that the data used in all of these studiesagrees with the observation of a preferred direction as observed from Earth. Insome of these studies the datasets were too small, or the statistical analysiswas incomplete. In other papers the results were impacted by experimentaldesign decisions that lead directly to show non-preferred direction. In some ofthese cases these decisions are not stated in the papers, but were revealedafter further investigation in cases where the reproduction of the work did notmatch the results reported in the papers. These results show that the data usedin all of these previous studies in fact agree with the contention thatgalaxies as observed from Earth have a preferred spin direction, and thedistribution of galaxy spin directions as observed from Earth form acosmological-scale dipole axis. This study also shows that the reason for theobservations is not necessarily an anomaly in the large-scale structure, andcan also be related to internal structure of galaxies.

Large-scale asymmetry in the distribution of galaxy spin directions -- analysis and reproduction