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In this study, a new structure of high-load membrane bioreactor (HLB-MR) was used to treat urban sewage, and the effects of dissolved oxygen (DO) on biological flocculation and membrane pollution were researched. Parallel comparative experiments were used to investigate the concentration and recovery efficiency of organic matter, the bioflocculation effect, the content of extracellular polymer substance (EPS), the concentration of metal cations, membrane fouling status and microbial community structure in the reactors under the conditions of 1–2 and 6–8 mg/L. The flocculation efficiency of HLB-MR was 83% and 89% when DO was 1–2 and 6–8 mg/L, respectively. Under DO of 6–8 mg/L, the contents of bound and free EPS in the HLB-MR were 15.64 mg/gVSS and 8.71 mg/L, respectively. These values were significantly higher than those obtained when DO was 1–2 mg/L (11.83 mg/gVSS and 6.56 mg/L, respectively). Moreover, the concentrations of magnesium and aluminum in the concentrate of the HLB-MR were significantly higher when DO was 6–8 mg/L. Under higher DO concentration, there would be more EPS combined with metal cations, and thus fixed in the sludge substrate, the process of which promoted the bioflocculation. Changes in the transmembrane pressure (TMP) showed that the HLB-MR at a higher DO concentration suffered more serious membrane fouling. The species difference between the supernatant and precipitate was more significant under a higher DO concentration. The plankton species in the supernatant, e.g., norank_p__Saccharibacteria, norank_f__Neisseriaceae, and 12up, were likely to exacerbate membrane fouling. However, the species in the precipitate like Trichococcus, Ornithinibacter, and norank_f__Saprospiraceae may have a positive effect on bioflocculation.

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High-Loaded Bioflocculation Membrane Reactor of Novel Structure for Organic Matter Recovery from Sewage: Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Bioflocculation and Membrane Fouling