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We discuss the detection limit for refractometric sensors relying on high-Qoptical cavities and show that the ultimate classical detection limit is givenby min{Dn} > eta with n+i*eta being the complex refractive index of thematerial under refractometric investigation. Taking finite Q factors andfilling fractions into account, the detection limit declines. As an example wediscuss the fundamental limits of silicon-based high-Q resonators, such asphotonic crystal resonators, for sensing in a bio-liquid environment, such as awater buffer. In the transparency window of silicon the detection limit becomesalmost independent on the filling fraction, while in the visible, the detectionlimit depends strongly on the filling fraction because silicon absorbsstrongly.

Material Limitations on the Detection Limit in Refractometry