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The human-in-the-loop technology requires studies on sensory-motor characteristics of each hand for an effective human-robot collaboration. This study aims to investigate the differences in visuomotor control between the dominant (DH) and non-dominant hands in tracking a target in the three-dimensional space. We compared the circular tracking performances of the hands on the frontal plane of the virtual reality space in terms of radial position error (Δ R ), phase error (Δ θ ), acceleration error (Δ a ), and dimensionless squared jerk ( DSJ ) at four different speeds for 30 subjects. Δ R and Δ θ significantly differed at relatively high speeds (Δ R : 0.5 Hz; Δ θ : 0 .5, 0.75 Hz), with maximum values of ≤1% compared to the target trajectory radius. DSJ significantly differed only at low speeds (0.125, 0.25 Hz), whereas Δ a significantly differed at all speeds. In summary, the feedback-control mechanism of the DH has a wider range of speed control capability and is efficient according to an energy saving model. The central nervous system (CNS) uses different models for the two hands, which react dissimilarly. Despite the precise control of the DH, both hands exhibited dependences on limb kinematic properties at high speeds (0.75 Hz). Thus, the CNS uses a different strategy according to the model for optimal results.

Analysis of Visuo Motor Control between Dominant Hand and Non-Dominant Hand for Effective Human-Robot Collaboration