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Selected optical fiber sensors offer extraordinary sensitivity to changes in external refractive (RI), which make them promising for label-free biosensing. In this work the most sensitive ones, namely long-period gratings working at (DTP-LPG) and micro-cavity in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometers (µIMZI) are discussed for application in bacteria sensing. We describe their working principles and RI sensitivity when operating in water environments, which is as high as 20,000 nm/RIU (Refractive index unit) for DTP-LPGs and 27,000 nm/RIU for µIMZIs. Special attention is paid to the methods to enhance the sensitivity by etching and nano-coatings. While the DTP-LPGs offer a greater interaction length and sensitivity to changes taking place at their surface, the µIMZIs are best suited for investigations of sub-nanoliter and picoliter volumes. The capabilities of both the platforms for bacteria sensing are presented and compared for strains of Escherichia coli , lipopolysaccharide E. coli , outer membrane proteins of E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus . While DTP-LPGs have been more explored for bacteria detection in 10 2 -10 6 Colony Forming Unit (CFU)/mL for S. aureus and 10 3 -10 9 CFU/mL for E. coli , the µIMZIs reached 10 2 -10 8 CFU/mL for E. coli and have a potential for becoming picoliter bacteria sensors.

Long-Period Gratings and Microcavity In-Line Mach Zehnder Interferometers as Highly Sensitive Optical Fiber Platforms for Bacteria Sensing