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The interaction between humans and an NAO robot using deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) is presented in this paper based on an innovative end-to-end pipeline method that applies two optimized CNNs, one for face recognition (FR) and another one for the facial expression recognition (FER) in order to obtain real-time inference speed for the entire process. Two different models for FR are considered, one known to be very accurate, but has low inference speed (faster region-based convolutional neural network), and one that is not as accurate but has high inference speed (single shot detector convolutional neural network). For emotion recognition transfer learning and fine-tuning of three CNN models (VGG, Inception V3 and ResNet) has been used. The overall results show that single shot detector convolutional neural network (SSD CNN) and faster region-based convolutional neural network (Faster R-CNN) models for face detection share almost the same accuracy: 97.8% for Faster R-CNN on PASCAL visual object classes (PASCAL VOCs) evaluation metrics and 97.42% for SSD Inception. In terms of FER, ResNet obtained the highest training accuracy (90.14%), while the visual geometry group (VGG) network had 87% accuracy and Inception V3 reached 81%. The results show improvements over 10% when using two serialized CNN, instead of using only the FER CNN, while the recent optimization model, called rectified adaptive moment optimization (RAdam), lead to a better generalization and accuracy improvement of 3%-4% on each emotion recognition CNN.

Facial Expressions Recognition for Human–Robot Interaction Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks with Rectified Adam Optimizer