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The aggregation of red blood cells (RBCs) in normal blood (non-coagulation) has been quantitatively measured by blood pulsatile flow based on multiple-frequency electrical impedance spectroscopy. The relaxation frequencies f  c under static and flowing conditions of blood pulsatile flow are utilized to evaluate the RBC aggregation quantitatively with the consideration of blood flow factors (RBC orientation, deformation, thickness of electrical double layer (EDL)). Both porcine blood and bovine blood are investigated in experiments, for the reason that porcine blood easily forms RBC aggregates, while bovine blood does not. The results show that the relaxation frequencies f  c of porcine blood and bovine blood present opposite performance, which indicates that the proposed relaxation frequency f  c is efficient to measure RBCs aggregation. Furthermore, the modified Hanai equation is proposed to quantitatively calculate the influence of RBCs aggregation on relaxation frequency f  c . The study confirms the feasibility of a high speed, on-line RBC aggregation sensing method in extracorporeal circulation systems.

Quantitative Measurement and Evaluation of Red Blood Cell Aggregation in Normal Blood Based on a Modified Hanai Equation