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Harmful algal blooms (HABs) occur frequently in the Seto Inland Sea, bringing significant economic and environmental losses for the area, which is well known as one of the world's most productive fisheries. Our objective was to develop a quantitative model using in situ hyperspectral measurements in the Seto Inland Sea to estimate chlorophyll a (Chl- a ) concentration, which is a significant parameter for detecting HABs. We obtained spectra and Chl- a data at six stations from 12 ship-based surveys between December 2015 and September 2017. In this study, we used an iterative stepwise elimination partial least squares (ISE-PLS) regression method along with several empirical and semi-analytical methods such as ocean chlorophyll, three-band model, and two-band model algorithms to retrieve Chl- a . Our results showed that ISE-PLS using both the water-leaving reflectance ( R  L ) and the first derivative reflectance (FDR) had a better predictive ability with higher coefficient of determination ( R ²), lower root mean squared error (RMSE), and higher residual predictive deviation (RPD) values ( R ² = 0.77, RMSE = 1.47 and RPD = 2.1 for R  L ; R ² = 0.78, RMSE = 1.45 and RPD = 2.13 for FDR). However, in this study the ocean chlorophyll (OC) algorithms had poor predictive ability and the three-band and two-band model algorithms did not perform well in areas with lower Chl- a concentrations. These results support ISE-PLS as a potential coastal water quality assessment method using hyperspectral measurements.

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Evaluation of Chlorophyll-a Estimation Approaches Using Iterative Stepwise Elimination Partial Least Squares (ISE-PLS) Regression and Several Traditional Algorithms from Field Hyperspectral Measurements in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan