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The existence of multiplicative noise in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images makes SAR segmentation by fuzzy c-means (FCM) a challenging task. To cope with speckle noise, we first propose an unsupervised FCM with embedding log-transformed Bayesian non-local spatial information (LBNL_FCM). This non-local information is measured by a modified Bayesian similarity metric which is derived by applying the log-transformed SAR distribution to Bayesian theory. After, we construct the similarity metric of patches as the continued product of corresponding pixel similarity measured by generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) to avoid the undesirable characteristics of log-transformed Bayesian similarity metric. An alternative unsupervised FCM framework named GLR_FCM is then proposed. In both frameworks, an adaptive factor based on the local intensity entropy is employed to balance the original and non-local spatial information. Additionally, the membership degree smoothing and the majority voting idea are integrated as supplementary local information to optimize segmentation. Concerning experiments on simulated SAR images, both frameworks can achieve segmentation accuracy of over 97%. On real SAR images, both unsupervised FCM segmentation frameworks work well on SAR homogeneous segmentation in terms of region consistency and edge preservation.

SAR Image Segmentation by Efficient Fuzzy C-Means Framework with Adaptive Generalized Likelihood Ratio Nonlocal Spatial Information Embedded